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United States Air Force Security Forces
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U.S.A.F. Security Forces
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United States Air Force Security Forces
Security Forces Shield
Active
31 October 1997 – present (as Security Forces)
1966 – 31 October 1997 (as Security Police)
2 January 1948 – 1966 (as Air Police)
12 February 1942 – 2 January 1948 (as Military Police)
[1]
Country
United States
Branch
United States Air Force
[a]
Type
Military police
Ground defense force
Role
Military law enforcement
Ground defense
Size
38,000+
[2]
Nickname(s)
Defenders
[3]
Motto(s)
Defensor Fortis
[4]
Color of Beret
Dark Blue
Commanders
Director of Security Forces
Brig Gen
Roy W. Collins
[5]
Career Field Manager
CMSgt
Brian Lewis
[6]
Insignia
Enlisted beret flash
Officer beret flash (superimposed with
polished metal rank insignia
)
Occupation Badge
The
United States Air Force Security Forces
(
SF
) are the ground combat force and military police service of the
U.S. Air Force
and
U.S. Space Force
.
[7]
USAF Security Forces (SF) were formerly known as Military Police (MP), Air Police (AP), and Security Police (SP) at various points in its history. Due to its significant ground combat mission, Security Forces are often regarded as
integral infantry
[8]
within the Air Force
[9]
[10]
and were formed on the premise of being the Air Force's "Marine Corps", in that they would provide security for the Air Force similar to how the
Marines
provide security for the
Navy
.
[11]
Mission
[
edit
]
As outlined in
Department of the Air Force
publications, Security Forces are responsible to protect, defend, and fight to enable
U.S. Air Force
, Joint, and Coalition mission success. Not only are they responsible for installation law and discipline enforcement, but Security Forces are the Air Force's base defense and ground combat force.
[12]
[13]
Personnel
[
edit
]
Leadership
[
edit
]
The director of Security Forces is a
brigadier general
and the highest-ranking Security Forces officer, sometimes referred to as the "Top Cop". The director of Security Forces reports to the deputy chief of staff of the Air Force for logistics, engineering and force protection.
[14]
The director of Security Forces has the responsibility to develop policy, doctrine, and guidance for Security Forces and serves as the executive agent for the Department of Defense Military Working Dog Program.
[13]
The deputy director of Security Forces acts as the chief deputy to the director of Security Forces. The Security Forces Career Field Manager is a
chief master sergeant
and the senior enlisted defender, acting as an adviser to the director of Air Force Security Forces.
[13]
History
[
edit
]
Military Police (Aviation) and Air Base Defense Battalions
[
edit
]
Army Air Force Military Police "colored" unit at Columbus, GA, in April 1942
The USAF Security Forces lineage can be traced to its beginning in WWII with the German
blitzkrieg
. Blitzkrieg relied on swift attacks by land and air. One of the tactics employed by blitzkrieg was the use of paratroops and airborne forces to capture, or destroy in advance, air bases. A key turning point in air base defensive thinking came with the loss of the
Battle of Crete
to German forces and capture of the British air base at
Maleme
in 1941. This single action led then Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
to study British air base defense policy, and in a condemning memo to the Secretary of State for Air and to the Chief of the Air Staff dated 29 June 1941, Churchill stated he would no longer tolerate the shortcomings of the
Royal Air Force
(RAF), in which half a million RAF personnel had no combat role. He ordered that all airmen be armed and ready "to fight and die in defense of their air fields" and that every airfield should be a stronghold of fighting air-ground men and not "uniformed civilians in the prime of life protected by detachments of soldiers."
[15]
Churchill's directive resulted in formation of the
RAF Regiment
.
On 12 February 1942 the United States adopted the British air defense philosophy. The Army Chief of Staff, Gen.
George C. Marshall
, approved the allocation of 53,299 African-Americans to the Army Air Forces with the "stipulation that air base defense 'for the number of air bases found necessary' be organized and that 'Negro personnel' be used for this purpose as required." This order formed the
Army Air Forces
(AAF) air base security battalions in June 1942. Units were deployed throughout the European, Asian and African theaters and designed to defend against local ground attacks. These units were armed with rifles, machine guns and 37mm guns.
[15]
On 29 March 1943, General
Hap Arnold
, the commander of the Army Air Forces, established the
Office of the Air Provost Marshal
, which established three separate organizations for the law enforcement and security role: Guard Squadrons, Military Police Companies (Aviation), and Air Base Security Battalions. Guard Squadrons were assigned to provide interior law enforcement and security to bases within the continental United States, with a technical guard school at Miami Army Air Field and a military police school at Buckley Field. Outside the United States the duties of law enforcement and internal security were carried out by Military Police Companies (Aviation), which, while a part of the Army Air Forces, were still part of the Army's
Military Police Corps
. Their training was conducted at
Camp Ripley
. Air Base Security Battalions, the direct predecessors to the USAF Security Forces, were formed to be the ground combat force of the Army Air Forces, much like the RAF Regiment is for the Royal Air Force. The battalions operated machine guns, mortars, grenade launchers, rocket launchers, half-tracks, self-propelled guns, and even light tanks, with the official history of the USAF Security Forces referring to them as the Army Air Forces' "infantry"
[1]
When the Air Force was created with the signing of the
National Security Act of 1947
, all members of the AAF were transferred to the new branch, to include military police attached to the Army Air Forces.
[16]
Air Police
[
edit
]
Former Air Police badge
Phoenix Ravens
patch
On 2 January 1948 the Military Police were reformed into the Air Police and established the Air Provost Marshal. Immediately twenty-two military police companies were predesignated Air Police squadrons, however the term Air Police did not come into full usage until November 1948. The transfer of personnel fully from the Army to the Air Force was supposed to be completed by December 1948, however it was not fully completed until 1953. In April 1952 Army grade titles and MOS designations were replaced with Air Force AFSCs.
In June 1950 the Air Force began urgent operations focused on air base defense with the outbreak of the
Korean War
. A buildup of ground combat forces began. The center of this buildup was the expansion of the Air Force Air Police from 10,000 in July 1950 to 39,000 in December 1951. Still, one year into the war the Air Provost Marshal reported that "the Air Force is without policy or tactical doctrine for Air Base Ground Defense." In haste, Air Police serving as the cadre of this force were outfitted with armored vehicles, machine guns and recoilless rifles. Air base defense was officially implemented by Air Force Regulation (AFR) 355–4 on 3 March 1953. AFR 355-4 defined air base defense "as all measures taken by the installation commander to deny hostile forces access to the area encompassing all buildings, equipment, facilities, landing fields, dispersal areas and adjacent terrain." However, the regulation did not include provisions for sustained ground defense operations. Performance of this mission fell to the provisional base defense task forces to be organized and equipped like infantry. It was the
Strategic Air Command
's (SAC) October 1952 edition of the SAC Manual 205-2 that rejected the notion that the USAF's ground defense mission conflicted with Army functions. SAC officials felt that success of the Air Force mission might require point defense elements that the Army could not afford to protect, much less have the Air Force rely on the Army to come to the rescue. After the Korean War, General
Curtis LeMay
had the Air Police begin the Combat Arms Program, to better train airmen in the use of weapons.
[15]
On 1 September 1950 the Air Police School was established at
Tyndall Air Force Base
. In 1952 the Air Police school was transferred to
Parks AFB
, California, and re-designated the "Air Base Defense School" to emphasize on air base defense capabilities. It soon became evident the emphasis on air base defense was not making much headway. On 13 October 1956 Air Police training was transferred to
Lackland AFB
,
Texas
, where it evolved into Security Police training and eventually became the
US Air Force Security Forces Academy.
Toward the end of the 1950s and into the 1960s, the Air Police began to reemphasize the security aspect of their mission, with a strong focus being given to protecting the Air Force's strategic nuclear weapons, and a greater amount of centralization regarding training occurred. The Air Provost Marshal was also redesignated the Director of Security and Law Enforcement.
On 1 November 1964, between 12:25 and 12:33 am,
Vietnamese Communist
(VC) troops attacked Bien Hoa Air Base with six 81mm mortars positioned about 400 meters north, outside the air base. The VC fired 60-80 rounds into parked aircraft and troop billets, then withdrew undetected and unabated. The attack killed four US military personnel, wounded 30 and destroyed and/or damaged 20 B-57 bombers. U.S. air bases had become targets and became routine targets thereafter. The Air Force was not allowed to patrol the perimeter of their bases. That role was left up to the Vietnamese Air Force. Also, the U.S. Army was cited as being tasked to control the security of the area around the air base, and after-action scrutiny along with politics served to foster distrust and jealousy between services, chains of command and the U.S. and Vietnamese services. As a result, air bases in South Vietnam were left vulnerable. By striking at USAF air bases the
North Vietnamese Army
(NVA) and VC employed
Giulio Douhet
's military concept, which stated the only effective way to counter air power was to destroy its bases on the ground. This concept has also been proven effective during the
Indochina War
from 1946 to 1954, when the
Viet Minh
regularly and successfully attacked French air bases.
[15]
The
USAF Sentry Dog
program was a product of the
Korean War
. On 1 May 1957 the Air Force gained responsibility for training all working dogs in the Department of Defense. By 1965 the USAF had a pool of sentry dog teams available for deployment to
South Vietnam
. Nightly at every air base, sentry dog teams were deployed as a detection and warning screen in the zone separating combat forces from the perimeter. Nearly all air base defense personnel agreed that the Sentry Dog Teams rendered outstanding service, with some going as far to say "Of all the equipment and methods used to detect an attacking enemy force, the sentry dog has provided the most sure, all-inclusive means."
[15]
Security Police
[
edit
]
Former Security Police badge
During their time in Korea and early in Vietnam, the Air Police found themselves in a number of ground combat roles, some of which more accurately reflected an infantry-type role than that of the military police. In 1966 the Air Police were redesignated the Security Police, in an effort to more accurately reflect the security and combat aspect of their mission.
Project "Safe Side," circa 1968
Creation of the 1041st SPS
Shortly after the creation of the Security Police, in 1967 the "Safe Side" program was activated, which resulted in certain Security Police squadrons being trained in the use of light infantry tactics and special weapons to better enhance air base defense. Many of the squadrons that were part of the Safe Side project, such as the 1041st Security Police Squadron (Test), established observation posts, listening posts, conducted reconnaissance and ambush patrols, and served as mobile response forces to protect the airbases. The successes of this initial squadron resulted in the creation of the
82nd Combat Security Police Wing
and the development of ground combat training for all security policemen. In 1968 the Air Force accepted the Safe Side Program's recommendation to establish 559-man Combat Security Police Squadrons (CSPS) organized into three field flights. Three CSPS were incrementally activated, trained and deployed in 179-day temporary duty rotations to South Vietnam. On 15 March 1968 the 821st CSPS began a hasty training program at
Schofield Barracks
, Hawaii, and was in place at
Phan Rang Air Base
on its TDY deployment by 15 April. The 822nd CSPS was organized, more completely trained and replaced the 821st in August 1968. The 823rd CSPS was trained at
Fort Campbell
,
Kentucky
, and replaced the 822nd in March 1969, remaining until August 1969 when it was replaced by the 821st.
[15]
USAF Security Police from
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
watch for Viet Cong infiltration attempts along the base perimeter during the
Vietnam war
The vindication for the Safe Side program occurred during the Battle of Tan Son Nhut, as part of the
Tet Offensive
, on 31 January 1968, when Tan Son Nhut Airbase was attacked by a combined force of seven North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong battalions, composing an enemy force of 2,500 enemy troops. The combat trained Security Police were able to hold off the North Vietnamese forces, preventing the loss of the airbase. The Vietnam War demonstrated to the Air Force the need for whole base defense measures, and demonstrated that airmen, regardless of AFSC, could be vulnerable to attack, just the same as Army and Marine forces.
[1]
The
627th Security Forces Squadron
of the
Phoenix Ravens
security force pose with a
C-17
aircraft
By January 1971 the Security Police career field was split into two separate functions: Law Enforcement Specialist (AFSC 812XX) and Security Specialist (AFSC 811XX). In November 1971 the first female airmen trained into the law enforcement specialty, and in November 1976 100 female airmen were trained as security specialists. Although the female security specialist program was soon after shut down, they have the distinction of being the first women permitted into any combat role in the entire U.S. Armed Forces. Law enforcement specialists, who had excelled in their career field, could be selected as criminal investigators and attend Military Police Investigations training at the 3280th TCHTG OLA Air Force Liaison at Ft. McClellan, AL, or attend the Air Force Office of Special Investigations basic agent's course at Bolling AFB, Washington DC.
[1]
In May 1975, Security Police units were tasked with a high priority rescue operation of the
SS Mayaguez
merchant ship, and with Air Force helicopters, were preparing to perform a boarding of the ship. Prior to the rescue mission one of the helicopters crashed, killing 18 security policemen, and forcing the mission to be aborted.
[1]
The loss of this aircraft was attributed to a failure to properly assemble a blade sleeve during overhaul nearly a year earlier.
[17]
From 1981 to 1989 the Security Police were responsible for protecting the USAF's ground launched cruise missiles in Europe, providing security for them during the height of the
Cold War
. In 1983, during
Operation Urgent Fury
, Security Police forces were among the first on Grenada, responsible for securing runways and POWs. In January 1985 women were finally permitted to enter the security field - the first since 1976.
[1]
In 1987 the standard weapon of the Security Police Law Enforcement Branch was changed from the
Smith & Wesson Model 15
.38-cal. six-shot revolver to the
Beretta M9
, a 9mm semi-automatic pistol with a standard 15-round magazine, which brought the Security Police in line with the rest of the
United States Armed Forces
. Also in 1987 the Air Base Ground Defense School was moved from Camp Bullis to Fort Dix, where the Army was given control of the training. In 1989, as a part of
Operation Just Cause
, Security Police units were responsible for securing airfields during the Invasion of Panama and performing drug interdiction and humanitarian missions.
[1]
[18]
In August 1990, Security Police were deployed to Saudi Arabia as a part of
Operation Desert Shield
, where they were responsible for guarding airbases, dignitary support, and counter terrorism. In August 1995 Air Base Ground Defense Training was moved from Fort Dix back to Camp Bullis, and control was shifted from the Army back to the Air Force. During
Operation Joint Endeavor
in Bosnia, Security Police forces conducted convoy operations and acted as a peacekeeping force. In 1996 the
Khobar Towers Bombing
occurred, with 19 airmen killed and 260 injured. Security Policemen SSgt Alfredo Guerrero, SrA Corey Grice and A1C Christopher Wager received the
Airman's Medal
for their actions prior to and after the terrorist attack.
[1]
[19]
Security Forces
[
edit
]
USAF Security Forces airman guarding
Air Force One
on the flight line in
Iraq
, 2009
In response to the
Khobar Towers bombing
, the Air Force reevaluated how the Security Police was organized, and came to the realization it could not afford to have only a few specialize in the security aspect of the mission. On 31 October 1997, the Security Police became the Security Forces, with all individual specialties being merged into one Security Forces specialist AFSC. The Security Forces brought back the principles of Safe Side, transforming the Security Forces into a combat force.
In 1997 the Air Force activated the
820th Base Defense Group
, a
Force Protection
unit based at
Moody Air Force Base
,
Georgia
. The unit is a trained force protection unit of 12
Air Force Specialty Codes
with an
airborne
capability, and is intended to serve as a quick reaction force, capable of deploying anywhere in the world. Air Mobility Command also activated the Raven program, which attached Security Forces specialists to its aircraft to provide on-site security in hostile or remote environments.
[20]
After the
9/11 attacks
in 2001, Security Forces prepared for additional attacks and combat operations, both in the United States and abroad. On 16 December 2001, airmen with the 786th Security Forces Squadron deployed to Manas International Airport, Kyrgyzstan, to provide security while the airbase was under construction, to support U.S. operations in Afghanistan. Three months later the 822nd Security Forces Squadron assumed the role, and conducted patrols outside the airbase to deter attack and build relations with local villagers.
[1]
On 19 March 2003 the United States invaded Iraq, and on the same day members of the 161st Security Forces Squadron arrived in country, securing the newly captured Tallil Air Base. On 26 March 2003, elements of the 786th Security Forces Squadron performed the first Security Forces combat jump in Air Force history, taking Bashur Air Base in conjunction with the Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade.
Throughout the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, Security Forces specialists, and airmen as a whole were pressed into more ground combat roles, to include running convoys. This resulted in the formation of
The Aerospace Expeditionary Force Transport Company
. These companies were not divided into flights, but rather platoons, with the first, the 2632nd Aerospace Expeditionary Force Transport Company, deploying in April 2004. Some Security Forces specialists were also attached to Army and Marine infantry units to provide either manpower or military working dogs.
[1]
On 1 January 2005 Task Force 1041 was formed by elements of the 820th Security Forces Group to execute Operation Desert Safe Side. The objective was to conduct outside the wire "kill or capture" missions in one of the most violent areas of Iraq. At the end of the operation, they had reduced attacks on the local airbase to almost zero, while capturing 18 high-value targets, eight major weapons caches, and 98 other insurgent or terrorist targets. Units, such as the 824th Security Forces Squadron, were responsible for training Iraqi security forces. In Summer 2008 the 332nd Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron stood up at Balad Airbase, and for the first time since the Vietnam War a Security Forces Squadron assumed full responsibility for the security, both on and off base, of a major air base in a war zone.
[1]
On 28 September 2005, the 586th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron became the first combat Security Forces squadron to lose a member in Operation Iraqi Freedom when
A1C Elizabeth Jacobson
was killed in action near Safwan, Basra Governorate, Iraq.
[21]
[22]
USAF Security Force Ford PIU with airman in 2019 Police Week Retreat Ceremony